Computer Parts Cost Calculator

Estimate the total cost of building your custom PC with this interactive calculator. Select your components and get detailed pricing breakdowns with performance metrics.

Complete Guide to Computer Parts in English (Bộ phận máy tính bằng tiếng Anh)

Building or understanding a computer requires knowledge of its essential components. This comprehensive guide covers all major computer parts in English with technical details, performance considerations, and buying advice to help you make informed decisions.

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the “brain” of the computer, executing instructions and processing data. Modern CPUs contain multiple cores (typically 4-16) that handle different tasks simultaneously.

Key CPU Terms:

• Clock Speed: Measured in GHz (gigahertz), indicates how many cycles a CPU can perform per second
• Cores: Physical processing units (modern CPUs have 4-16 cores)
• Threads: Virtual cores that allow better multitasking (Intel uses Hyper-Threading, AMD uses SMT)
• Cache: Small, ultra-fast memory (L1, L2, L3) that stores frequently accessed data
• TDP (Thermal Design Power): Measures heat output in watts (important for cooling)

Major CPU Manufacturers:

1. Intel: Known for single-core performance, current generations include 12th-14th Gen Core (Raptor Lake)
2. AMD: Offers better multi-core performance and value, current Ryzen 5000/7000 series

CPU Model	Cores/Threads	Base Clock	Boost Clock	TDP	Approx. Price
Intel Core i5-13600K	14/20	3.5GHz	5.1GHz	125W	$319
AMD Ryzen 7 5800X3D	8/16	3.4GHz	4.5GHz	105W	$249
Intel Core i9-13900K	24/32	3.0GHz	5.8GHz	125W	$589
AMD Ryzen 9 7950X	16/32	4.5GHz	5.7GHz	170W	$699

2. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

The GPU handles all graphical computations, crucial for gaming, video editing, and 3D rendering. Modern GPUs have thousands of smaller cores optimized for parallel processing.

GPU Specifications Explained:

• VRAM: Dedicated video memory (4GB-24GB in modern cards)
• CUDA Cores (NVIDIA)/Stream Processors (AMD): Parallel processing units
• Memory Bus: Width of the memory interface (128-bit to 384-bit)
• Boost Clock: Maximum operating frequency under load
• TDP: Power consumption (typically 75W-450W)

GPU Performance Tiers (2023):

Tier	Resolution Target	FPS Target (1080p)	Example GPUs	Approx. Price
Entry-Level	1080p	30-60 FPS	RTX 3050, RX 6600	$200-$300
Mid-Range	1080p-1440p	60-100 FPS	RTX 3060 Ti, RX 6700 XT	$350-$500
High-End	1440p-4K	100-144 FPS	RTX 4070 Ti, RX 7900 XT	$700-$900
Enthusiast	4K	120+ FPS	RTX 4080, RX 7900 XTX	$1000-$1600

3. Motherboard (Mainboard)

The motherboard connects all components and determines system compatibility. Key factors include form factor, chipset, and expansion slots.

Motherboard Form Factors:

• ATX (Standard): 12″ × 9.6″, most expansion options
• Micro-ATX: 9.6″ × 9.6″, balanced size and features
• Mini-ITX: 6.7″ × 6.7″, compact for small builds
• E-ATX: Extended ATX for high-end workstations

Important Motherboard Features:

1. Chipset: Determines CPU compatibility and features (Intel Z790, AMD X670, etc.)
2. RAM Slots: Typically 2-4 slots, determines max memory capacity
3. PCIe Slots: For GPUs, SSDs, and expansion cards (x16 for GPU, x4 for NVMe)
4. M.2 Slots: For NVMe SSDs (some support PCIe 4.0/5.0)
5. VRM: Voltage Regulator Module quality affects overclocking
6. Connectivity: USB ports, audio jacks, networking (2.5G/5G Ethernet, WiFi 6)

4. Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM provides temporary storage for active applications. More RAM allows better multitasking, while faster RAM improves performance in certain applications.

RAM Specifications:

• Capacity: 8GB (minimum), 16GB (recommended), 32GB+ (for professional work)
• Type: DDR4 (current standard), DDR5 (new standard with higher bandwidth)
• Speed: Measured in MHz (3200MHz-6000MHz common)
• Latency: CL rating (lower is better, e.g., CL16)
• Dual Channel: Using matched pairs improves performance

RAM Recommendations:

Use Case	Minimum RAM	Recommended RAM	Optimal RAM
Basic Office/Web	4GB	8GB	16GB
Gaming	8GB	16GB	32GB
Content Creation	16GB	32GB	64GB+
Professional Workstations	32GB	64GB	128GB+

5. Storage Devices

Storage holds your operating system, applications, and files. Modern systems use a combination of SSDs for speed and HDDs for capacity.

Storage Types Compared:

Type	Speed	Capacity Range	Price per GB	Best For
HDD (7200 RPM)	80-160 MB/s	500GB-18TB	$0.02-$0.03	Bulk storage, backups
SATA SSD	500-550 MB/s	120GB-4TB	$0.08-$0.10	Boot drive, general use
NVMe SSD (PCIe 3.0)	2000-3500 MB/s	250GB-4TB	$0.10-$0.15	High-performance systems
NVMe SSD (PCIe 4.0)	5000-7000 MB/s	500GB-4TB	$0.15-$0.25	Enthusiast builds, workstations
NVMe SSD (PCIe 5.0)	10000-14000 MB/s	1TB-2TB	$0.30-$0.50	Cutting-edge systems

6. Power Supply Unit (PSU)

The PSU delivers power to all components. A quality PSU is crucial for system stability and longevity.

PSU Specifications:

• Wattage: Total power output (500W-1200W typical)
• Efficiency Rating: 80 Plus (Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum, Titanium)
• Modularity: Non-modular, semi-modular, or fully modular
• Form Factor: ATX (standard), SFX (small form factor)
• Protection Features: OCP, OVP, UVP, SCP, OTP, OPP

PSU Wattage Recommendations:

System Type	Recommended Wattage	Example Build
Office PC	300W-450W	i3 + integrated graphics
Mid-Range Gaming	550W-650W	Ryzen 5 + RTX 3060 Ti
High-End Gaming	750W-850W	i7 + RTX 4080
Extreme Workstation	850W-1200W	Threadripper + dual GPUs

7. Computer Case

The case houses all components and affects airflow, noise levels, and aesthetics. Consider size, cooling options, and build quality.

Case Form Factors:

• Full Tower: Largest, best airflow, supports E-ATX
• Mid Tower: Most popular, balances size and features
• Micro-ATX: Compact, limited expansion
• Mini-ITX: Smallest, limited to 1 GPU

Case Features to Consider:

1. Airflow: Mesh fronts provide better cooling than solid panels
2. Cooling Support: Number of fan mounts and radiator sizes
3. Cable Management: Routing holes and space behind motherboard tray
4. Drive Bays: 2.5″ (SSD) and 3.5″ (HDD) mounting options
5. I/O Panel: USB ports (including USB-C), audio jacks
6. Tempered Glass: Aesthetic side panels (affects weight)

8. Cooling Systems

Proper cooling maintains performance and extends component lifespan. Options include air cooling and liquid cooling solutions.

Cooling Types:

• Stock Coolers: Included with CPUs, adequate for basic use
• Aftermarket Air Coolers: Better performance, larger heatsinks
• All-in-One (AIO) Liquid Coolers: Closed-loop systems with radiators
• Custom Water Cooling: Highest performance, complex setup

Cooling Performance Comparison:

Cooling Type	Cooling Performance	Noise Level	Price Range	Best For
Stock Cooler	Basic	Moderate	Included	Office PCs, light gaming
Aftermarket Air	Good	Low-Moderate	$30-$60	Gaming PCs, overclocking
120mm AIO	Very Good	Low	$70-$100	Compact builds, mid-range overclocking
240mm AIO	Excellent	Low	$100-$150	High-end gaming, workstations
360mm AIO	Extreme	Low	$150-$250	Extreme overclocking, high TDP CPUs
Custom Water	Best	Very Low	$300-$1000+	Enthusiast builds, benchmarking

9. Peripherals and Accessories

While not internal components, peripherals complete your computing experience:

• Monitors: Resolution (1080p, 1440p, 4K), refresh rate (60Hz, 144Hz, 240Hz), panel type (IPS, VA, TN)
• Keyboards: Mechanical (Cherry MX, Gateron switches), membrane, wireless
• Mice: DPI sensitivity, wired/wireless, ergonomic designs
• Audio: Headphones (open-back, closed-back), speakers, microphones
• Networking: Routers, network cards, powerline adapters

10. Building Your PC: Step-by-Step

Assembling a computer requires careful planning and execution. Follow these steps for a successful build:

1. Prepare Your Workspace: Clean, static-free surface with good lighting
2. Install CPU: Align carefully with socket (bend-free installation)
3. Mount CPU Cooler: Apply thermal paste, secure evenly
4. Install RAM: Seat firmly in slots (match notches)
5. Mount Motherboard: Use standoffs, don’t overtighten screws
6. Install PSU: Route cables neatly, connect to motherboard
7. Mount Storage: SSDs in M.2 slots or 2.5″ bays, HDDs in 3.5″ bays
8. Install GPU: Remove case slots, seat firmly in PCIe x16 slot
9. Connect Case Cables: Power button, USB, audio, RGB
10. Cable Management: Route cables cleanly for airflow
11. First Boot: Connect monitor, power on, enter BIOS
12. Install OS: Create bootable USB, install Windows/Linux
13. Install Drivers: GPU, chipset, audio, network drivers
14. Benchmark: Test stability and performance

11. Common PC Building Mistakes to Avoid

• Incompatible Parts: Always check motherboard CPU socket and RAM type
• Insufficient Power: Calculate total wattage needs (use PSU calculators)
• Poor Cable Management: Restricts airflow and makes upgrades difficult
• Over/Under-Tightening: Can damage components or cause poor contacts
• Ignoring BIOS Updates: May cause compatibility issues with new CPUs
• Skipping Thermal Paste: Causes overheating and throttling
• Static Electricity: Ground yourself before handling components
• Rushing the Build: Take your time to avoid costly mistakes

12. Future-Proofing Your PC Build

To extend your PC’s useful life, consider these future-proofing strategies:

• CPU Socket: Choose a motherboard with upgrade path (AM5, LGA 1700)
• RAM Capacity: Get more than you currently need (32GB for most users)
• PCIe 4.0/5.0: Ensures compatibility with future GPUs and SSDs
• PSU Wattage: Get 100-200W more than current needs
• Cooling Headroom: Allows for future CPU upgrades
• Case Size: Larger cases accommodate future upgrades
• Modular PSU: Easier to upgrade components later

For official computer hardware standards and specifications, visit the PCI-SIG website (the organization that maintains PCI Express standards).

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides valuable resources on computer hardware testing and performance benchmarks.

For educational resources about computer architecture, explore courses from MIT OpenCourseWare’s Electrical Engineering and Computer Science department.